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Ethical Implications of Animal Biotechnology: Considerations for Animal Welfare Decision Making Issue Paper
Part 9, "ANIMAL AGRICULTURE'S FUTURE THROUGH BIOTECHNOLOGY." Animal biotechnology, which includes both genetic engineering and mammalian cloning, has expanded rapidly in recent decades. These technologies already have been applied in biomedical research and now are nearing application within the food system. This paper from CAST reviews animal biotechnology techniques, discusses related key ethical issues, evaluates religious views and traditions regarding animal biotechnology, summarizes public opinion research on the topic, and evaluates the challenges and opportunities for the ethical development of agricultural animal biotechnology. Chair: Paul B. Thompson, Professor of Philosophy, Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics and Community, Agriculture, Recreation, and Resource Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing. IP46, 16 pp. FREE. Available online and in print (fee for shipping/handling).
Agricultural Productivity Strategies for the Future: Addressing U.S. and Global Challenges Issue Paper
This timely Issue Paper includes a preface from Dr. Norman E. Borlaug and has been prepared as an update of CAST Paper No. 1, written by Dr. Borlaug in 1973. The authors of the current paper address (1) future demands facing agriculture; (2) the relationship of bioenergy and bioproducts to agriculture; (3) major issues impacting future U.S. agricultural productivity; (4) major issues facing agricultural productivity in other parts of the world; (5) strategies to meet future food needs; and (6) examples of research areas that could enable the next "Green Revolution." The authors question the commitment by the United States and many other countries for support of agricultural research and indicate the far-reaching impact that such research, education, and resulting technology--or lack thereof--will have on the nation and the world. Chair: Gale Buchanan, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The University of Georgia, Tifton Campus. IP45, January 2010, 16 pp. FREE. Available online and in print (fee for shipping/handling).
Water, People, and the Future: Water Availability for Agriculture in the United States Issue Paper
Despite current uncertainty about the United States' economic future, most reports suggest that growth will resume and competition for freshwater will continue. As one of the largest users of water in the United States, agriculture will be impacted significantly by changes in water availability and cost. How water managers and users respond to water use challenges will determine, in part, the long-term availability of water for municipal, agricultural, and other uses. The authors provide insight into how water challenges are being addressed in four specific areas of the United States as helpful case studies in developing solutions to similar water issues in other regions. Chair: Dr. Sharon Megdal, Water Resources Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson. IP44, November 2009, 20 pp. FREE. Available online and in print (fee for shipping/handling).
The Endangered Species Act: Interfacing with Agricultural and Natural Ecosystems CAST Commentary
This Commentary explores the interaction between the regulatory policy of the Endangered Species Act, public perception, and science in relation to the interpretation of risk to endangered species from various "stressors" associated with agricultural practices. In the absence of definitive government policy, courts are establishing risk mitigation procedures that may adversely affect agricultural productivity and practices. The authors address several potential remedies, including (1) better communication, (2) clear policy and agency coordination, (3) recognition and consideration of long-term impacts, and (4) balanced and consistent implementation. Chair: Bernalyn McGaughey, Compliance Services International, Lakewood, Washington. QTA2009-2, 8 pp., October 2009. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
Animal Productivity and Genetic Diversity Issue Paper
PART 8, "ANIMAL AGRICULTURE'S FUTURE THROUGH BIOTECHNOLOGY." This new paper, "Animal Productivity and Genetic Diversity: Cloned and Transgenic Animals," discusses two of the most recent reproductive technologies used to improve agronomic traits in livestock. One main limitation to the further development and use of these technologies has been the lack of public acceptance. The 8-member international Task Force of this new Issue Paper suggests that the government develop a regulatory process that addresses consumers' apprehension while offering realistic expectations of biotechnology. The authors address topics including the cloning of farm animals for breeding and direct food consumption; disease resistance in transgenic animals; and the use of transgenics for improved food safety and quality, decreased environmental impact, and increased production efficiency. Chair: Robert Wall, Agricultural Research Service's Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Beltsville, Maryland. IP43, August 2009, 16 pp. FREE. Available online and in print (fee for shipping/handling).
Food Safety and Fresh Produce: An Update CAST Commentary To purchase or download the paper click here
Fresh produce safety continues to be of paramount importance. While the fresh produce industry is striving to improve its food safety record, consumers must continue to be aware of practices in the home which raise the risk of foodborne infection from their fresh produce. This Commentary will update the related 2003 CAST publication by bringing together the current scientific research and recommended practices at the consumer level that will reduce the risk of produce-borne illness. Chair: William McGlynn, Extension and Research Food Science Specialist, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater. QTA2009-1, 8 pp., July 2009. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
Sustainability of U.S. Soybean Production Special Publication
This new CAST Special Publication, "Sustainability of U.S. Soybean Production: Conventional, Transgenic, and Organic Production Systems," documents the ecological and economic implications of the various systems used in U.S. soybean production. Soybean production has changed in the United States since its first introduction in the mid-1880s. Initially, the crop was produced mainly for forage and received only minimal inputs. Today, soybeans have become a major source of protein in animal diets and vegetable oils for human consumption. Considering this dramatic change, CAST is providing a comprehensive literature review that evaluates U.S. soybean production systems currently in use with respect to their environmental and economic sustainability. Project Manager/Lead Author: Larry Heatherly, Agronomic Advisor, Seymour, Tennessee. SP30, July 2009, 96 pp. $18.00 U.S. (plus shipping).
Scientific Assessment of the Welfare of Dry Sows Kept in Individual Accommodations Issue Paper
The use of individual gestation accommodations (IGAs) for dry sows in commercial pork production is an issue that has raised much debate. Public perceptions and misconceptions of welfare issues have the potential to dramatically impact swine production. The nine-member international Task Force of this new Issue Paper critically evaluates the scientific evidence of IGAs for sows, including considerations for behavior, nutrition and feeding, reproduction, clinical examination and health, manure management, worker safety, and system design. The authors indicate that no compelling evidence exists from scientific evaluations and comparisons of dry-sow keeping systems that, overall, either individual or group accommodation is more appropriate than the other. Chair: Stanley Curtis, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign. IP 42, March 2009, 20 pp., FREE. Available online AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Ruminant Carcass Disposal Options for Routine and Catastrophic Mortality Issue Paper
When producers decide which carcass disposal method to use, they must consider the number of mortalities, the cause of death and whether infectious agents are involved, environmental implications, regulatory requirements, operational costs, and efficiency. This Issue Paper provides a comprehensive summary of the scientific, technical, and social aspects of various ruminant carcass disposal technologies using information gleaned from a Kansas State University comprehensive report. The authors discuss the predominant methods of mortality disposal in commercial ruminant production, including burial and landfill, rendering, composting, incineration, and alkaline hydrolysis. The paper includes an Appendix that addresses special considerations for material potentially infected with diseases. Chair: Marty Vanier, National Agricultural Biosecurity Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan. IP41, January 2009, 20 pp., FREE. Available online AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Fate and Transport of Pathogens in Swine Manure Special Publication
This publication, "Fate and Transport of Zoonotic Bacterial, Viral, and Parasitic Pathogens During Swine Manure Treatment, Storage, and Land Application," is a collaborative effort of CAST and the National Pork Board to provide a literature review on topics directly related to swine manure management systems, bacterial hazards associated with swine manure, common swine viruses, and the fate and transport of zoonotic parasite pathogens. The majority of microbes contained in swine manure are not pathogenic to humans. The effectiveness of swine manure management systems to prevent environmental contamination with human pathogens is a concern, however, because of potential environmental pathways by which these zoonotic pathogens may be transported to water resources. The publication includes an Appendix and Comprehensive Reference Section with more than 400 citations. Cochairs: Dana Cole, Georgia Division of Public Health, Atlanta, and Jan Vinja, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. SP 29, December 2008, 66 pp. $18.00 (plus shipping).
Convergence of Agriculture and Energy: III. Considerations in Biodiesel Production CAST Commentary
Concern about rising prices and unstable sources of petroleum fuels is driving the search for U.S. domestically produced, renewable transportation fuels, such as biodiesel, which is developing into a widely accepted alternative fuel. The U.S. biodiesel industry is struggling because of high prices for its feedstocks, vegetable oils, and animal fats. High feedstock prices also are affecting international biodiesel production, but requirements to lower greenhouse gas emissions continue to stimulate interest in the fuel. The authors of this new CAST Commentary explain the biodiesel production process and discuss quality requirements, characteristics of biodiesel, biodiesel economics, and energy balance. Chair: Jon Van Gerpen, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow. QTA2008-2, 8 pp., October 2008. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
Poultry Carcass Disposal Options for Routine and Catastrophic Mortality Issue Paper
Methods for the disposal of poultry carcasses currently include burial, incineration, composting, and rendering. Although each method is preferable under specific circumstances, each also presents disadvantages, including potential effects on groundwater and increasing cost considerations. With those concerns in mind, there are other, emerging technologies for carcass disposal that may offer viable alternatives. Methods, strategies, and practical applications presented in this paper summarize acceptable means for disposal of poultry mortality. Chair: John P. Blake, Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama. IP 40, October 2008, 20 pp., FREE. Available online AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Gene Flow in Alfalfa: Biology, Mitigation, and Potential Impact on Production Special Publication
This Special Publication describes the biology and agronomic practices in alfalfa that should be considered in developing coexistence strategies to allow growers to have choices, specifically between genetically engineered (GE), conventional, and GE-sensitive markets in the United States. These strategies are based on science and are a direct extension of well-established coexistence principles routinely used by seed growers. The management practices currently being used by growers of Roundup Ready alfalfa seed are presented as an example of strategies developed by the alfalfa seed industry that allow coexistence of different production systems. Chair: Allen E. Van Deynze, Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis. SP28, September 2008, 30 pp. $18.00 (plus shipping).
Pasteurellosis Transmission Risks between Domestic and Wild Sheep CAST Commentary
Native North American wild sheep species are very susceptible to pneumonia and particularly to pasteurellosis. Although the current understanding about pasteurellosis in wild and domestic sheep is incomplete, respiratory disease clearly is a serious problem in both. This Commentary discusses pneumonic pasteurellosis in domestic sheep, pasteurellosis in wild sheep, and the risks to wild sheep associated with domestic sheep interactions. The authors also address research needs and strategies for minimizing the risk of interspecies disease transmission. Chair: Dr. Michael W. Miller, Colorado Division of Wildlife, Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins. QTA2008-1, 8 pp., August 2008. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
Swine Carcass Disposal Options for Routine and Catastrophic Mortality Issue Paper
This Issue Paper provides a critical assessment of information available on methods of swine carcass disposal under routine and catastrophic conditions. The authors have focused on efficiency and effectiveness of available methods as well as potential animal health and environmental protection considerations. The paper addresses the four predominant methods of mortality disposal in commercial swine production--burial, incineration, rendering, and composting--and various alternative and nontraditional methods and technologies. Chair: Allen Harper, Virginia Tech Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Suffolk. IP 39, July 2008, 16 pp., FREE. Available online AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Vaccine Development Using Recombinant DNA Technology Issue Paper
PART 7, "ANIMAL AGRICULTURE'S FUTURE THROUGH BIOTECHNOLOGY." Infectious animal diseases continue to rank foremost among the significant factors limiting efficient production in animal agriculture. In addition, infectious agents that are transmitted from animals to humans by way of food and water present an increasing threat to the safety and security of the world food supply and continue to affect human health significantly. Animal vaccines are among the most effective, successful tools for preventing and controlling infectious diseases in animal agriculture. This Issue Paper addresses these concerns and provides details about specific diseases and vaccines. Chair: Mark W. Jackwood, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens. IP 38, May 2008, 12 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Water Quality and Quantity Issues for Turfgrasses in Urban Landscapes Special Publication
Scientists have documented an array of benefits to the environment and to humans resulting from turfgrasses. Water management is a key component of healthy turfgrasses, and it directly affects nutrient use efficiency and plant productivity. This Special Publication, which follows from a 2006 workshop, presents the best current science for the efficient use of water for turfgrasses in urban landscapes, including considerations for low-precipitation landscapes, water quality protection, water use policies, pesticide leaching, nutrient transport in surface runoff, water requirements, cultural practices, and irrigation systems. An evaluation of these issues is critical for determining future research needs and public policy decisions. Coeditors: Dr. James B. Beard, Professor Emeritus, Texas A & M University, College Station and Dr. Michael P. Kenna, U.S. Golf Association, Green Section Research, Stillwater, Oklahoma. SP27, March 2008, 298 pp., plus 16-pp. full-color insert. $75.00 (plus $4.00 shipping, $5.00 international, $10.00 airmail). SPECIAL CD VERSION AVAILABLE, $50.00 (includes shipping). Call or Fax to order. ***PLEASE NOTE that the large file size may require you to print the document in segments.
Implications of Gene Flow in the Scale-up and Commercial Use of Biotechnology-derived Crops: Economic and Policy Considerations Issue Paper
This Issue Paper identifies the nature of gene flow and discusses the relatively limited situations in which it is likely to cause economic problems in the production of commercial biotech crops. The paper explains how gene flow relates to adventitious presence, describes the biological traits being imparted into biotech crops, summarizes present risk assessment and regulatory mechanisms, and discusses potential economic effects and policy and research ramifications of gene flow of commercial biotech crops. Chair: David Gealy, USDA--Agricultural Research Service, Stuttgart, Arkansas. IP 37, December 2007, 24 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Biofuel Feedstocks: The Risk of Future Invasions CAST Commentary
In an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, expand domestic energy production, and maintain economic growth, public and private investments are being used to pursue dedicatd feedstock crops for biofuel production. This Commentary addresses the necessary balance between designing biofuel feedstock crops to require minimal inputs yet preventing them from surviving outside the cultivated environment. Chair: Dr. Joseph DiTomaso, University of California-Davis. QTA2007-1, 8 pp., November 2007. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
Avian Influenza Vaccination: A Commentary Focusing on H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza CAST Commentary
The correct use of efficacious poultry vaccines is a critical component of overall control and eradication of avian influenza. Speculation about potential problems of vaccine use must be balanced with the real problem of outbreaks in susceptible poultry. Commentary text is excerpted from the larger Special Publication. Chair: Dr. Karen Burns Grogan, Chicken Scratch, LLC, Dacula, Georgia. QTA2007-3, 12 pp., October 2007. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
Avian Influenza Vaccines: Focusing on H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (HPAI) Special Publication
Avian influenza (AI) vaccine can be used in emergency, routine, and preventive programs, although vaccine alone will not completely eliminate AI. Written and reviewed by an international Task Force, this CAST Special Publication provides a summary and education on the crucial issues surrounding AI vaccination. Chair: Dr. Karen Burns Grogan, Chicken Scratch, LLC, Dacula, Georgia. SP26, October 2007, 38 pp. $18.00 (plus shipping).
Convergence of Agriculture and Energy: II. Producing Cellulosic Biomass for Biofuels CAST Commentary
This new Commentary provides a scientific assessment of the production potential and regional impacts of large-scale cellulosic ethanol production. It discusses the need for national investments and policy changes to address challenges limiting the production and efficient use of cellulosic biomass as a fuel feedstock to meet U.S. needs. Chair: Dr. Steven L. Fales, Iowa State University, Ames. QTA2007-2, 8 pp., October 2007. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
Probiotics: Their Potential to Impact Human Health Issue Paper
Controlled human studies have revealed a diverse range of health benefits from consumption of probiotics, due largely to their impact on immune function or on microbes colonizing the body. This publication reviews the literature on probiotics, describes the characteristics of probiotics, discusses the microbes that colonize the human body, and explains how probiotics can treat and prevent disease. The paper also addresses safety issues of probiotic use, suggests future developments, and provides research and policy recommendations. Chair: Mary Ellen Sanders, Dairy and Food Culture Technologies, Centennial, Colorado. IP 36, October 2007, 20 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
The Role of Transgenic Livestock in the Treatment of Human Disease Issue Paper
PART 6, "ANIMAL AGRICULTURE'S FUTURE THROUGH BIOTECHNOLOGY." This paper describes the potential for transgenic livestock to advance the development of new medications for the treatment of human disease. Two techniques discussed in this paper are the predominant methods used to produce transgenic livestock, pronuclear microinjection and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The paper offers a brief overview of current production methods and challenges, and addresses economic, regulatory, and societal factors that impact the commercialization of products and treatments derived from transgenic animals. An appendix provides an in-depth description of the SCNT methodology. Chair: Carol L. Keefer, University of Maryland, College Park. IP 35, May 2007, 12 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Convergence of Agriculture and Energy: I. Implications for Research and Policy CAST Commentary
Recent dramatic increases in energy costs are having a direct bearing on all agricultural activities within the United States. This Commentary discusses the use of energy in agriculture and the food industry in light of current federal and state policies. Energy production from bio-sources also is addressed. Chair: Kenneth Cassman, University of Nebraska. QTA2006-3, 12 pp., November 2006. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
Biotechnological Approaches to Manure Nutrient Management Issue Paper
PART 4, "ANIMAL AGRICULTURE'S FUTURE THROUGH BIOTECHNOLOGY." Manure from food animals is a valuable source of fertilizer, but concentrations of manure nutrients and metals may exceed needs for plant growth and cause environmental pollution. Biotechnology has emerged as one of the most effective tools for monitoring manure nutrient composition. This paper reviews the existing biotechnology (including novel technology) applied to manage animal manure nutrients and discusses potential biotechnology derived by genomics approaches. It also addresses specific areas of plant-, animal-, microorganism-, and diet-based approaches for management; models of potential benefits of biotechnology; and industrial, societal, and governmental issues. Chair: Xingen Lei, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. IP 33, July 2006, 20 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Safety of Meat, Milk, and Eggs from Animals Fed Crops Derived from Modern Biotechnology Issue Paper
PART 5, "ANIMAL AGRICULTURE'S FUTURE THROUGH BIOTECHNOLOGY." As the global land area of biotechnology-derived crops continues to increase, these crops have become an increasingly important source of feedstuffs for farm animals, and it is important to review the safety of meat, milk, and eggs derived from animals fed these crops. This paper addresses topics including an overview of regulatory assessments for biotechnology-derived crops modified for agronomic input traits; comparative safety assessment process; results of feeding studies in farm animals; and the fate of consumed proteins and DNA in livestock. Chair: Richard Phipps, University of Reading, Reading, UK. IP 34, July 2006, 8 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Acrylamide in Food Issue Paper
As an industrial chemical, acrylamide has been studied extensively for more than 40 years, resulting in a broad base of scientific knowledge covering various toxicological endpoints, metabolism, kinetics, mode of action, and health effects in animals. Very little scientific evidence is available in humans, particularly with respect to food. This paper covers research concerning the occurrence of acrylamide in food, including formation and detection; methods of mitigation and reduction; dietary exposure; toxicology and epidemiology; and the elements of accurate, effective risk communications. Cochairs: David Lineback, University of Maryland, College Park, and Michael Pariza, University of Wisconsin, Madison. IP 32, June 2006, 16 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Using Risk Analysis to Inform Microbial Food Safety Decisions Issue Paper
Protecting the public from food safety risks, while maintaining a viable agricultural and food industry in an open society, is a daunting task. Risk analysis provides a systematic and transparent process for gathering information, estimating risks, weighing options, drawing conclusions, and communicating information to arrive at decisions that meet broad societal needs. This paper identifies and defines the components of a valid microbial risk analysis and focuses attention on risk assessment strategies, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each. Cochairs: Lee-Ann Jaykus, North Carolina State University, and Sherri Dennis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland. IP 31, June 2006, 20 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Avian Influenza: Trade Issues CAST Commentary
Although much of the concern about a possible pandemic outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza revolves around human health outcomes, the potential repercussions on trade issues will also be significant. The United States is a major exporter of poultry products amounting to approximately $2 billion worth of broilers, turkeys, and eggs annually. International reporting of an avian influenza outbreak could have the effect of virtually stopping this trade--and that in other countries as well--overnight. Chair: Toby Moore, USA Poultry & Egg Export Council, Stone Mountain, Georgia. QTA2006-2, 8 pp., April 2006. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
Avian Influenza: Human Pandemic Concerns CAST Commentary
The reported number of bird deaths and subsequent human deaths resulting from exposure to influenza A-infected birds has increased steadily, making front-page news worldwide. Although human viruses do not generally infect birds and bird viruses do not generally infect humans, certain influenza A viruses have historically exhibited an unusual ability to mutate and infect more than one host species. Drawing from sound past and current research, the authors provide an assessment of the real threat of an upcoming avian influenza outbreak and possible pandemic. Co-authors: Donna Carver, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, and Elizabeth Krushinskie, U.S. Poultry and Egg Association, Tucker, Georgia. QTA2006-1, 7 pp., January 2006. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
Crop Biotechnology and the Future of Food: A Scientific Assessment CAST Commentary
This CAST Commentary provides an up-to-date evaluation of the use of biotechnology in crop production. The concise, fact-based document addresses the science behind the issues. Chair: Bruce Chassy, University of Illinois, Urbana. QTA2005-2, 6 pp., October 2005. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
La biotecnologia de los cultivos y el futuro de los alimentos: una contribucion cientifica CAST Commentary
This CAST Commentary provides an up-to-date evaluation of the use of biotechnology in crop production. The concise, fact-based document addresses the science behind the issues. Chair: Bruce Chassy, University of Illinois, Urbana. QTA2005-2, 6 pp., October 2005. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
Adventitious Presence: Inadvertent Commingling and Coexistence among Farming Methods CAST Commentary
Adventitious presence refers to the unintended commingling of trace amounts of one type of seed, or product, with another. Although this process can occur with conventionally bred crops, adventitious presence is more commonly regarded as the presence of genetically engineered (GE) seed and product in non-GE material. This document will provide a framework to discuss development of a science-based policy for adventitious presence. Co-authors: Drew Kershen, University of Oklahoma College of Law, and Alan McHughen, University of California, Riverside. QTA2005-1, 4 pp., July 2005. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
Metabolic Modifiers for Use in Animal Production Issue Paper
PART 3, "ANIMAL AGRICULTURE'S FUTURE THROUGH BIOTECHNOLOGY." This paper provides a discussion of metabolic modifiers--a group of compounds that alter the physiology and metabolism of animals in specific ways to improve efficiency of meat and milk production and, in certain instances, to improve yield and composition of animal-derived products. The paper describes the classification, characteristics, and effects of metabolic modifiers approved for use in animal production and presents the current status of metabolic modifier approval around the world. Topics include a brief history of this technology, applications, and contributions to animal agriculture. Co-authors: Donald Beermann, University of Nebraska, Lincoln and Frank Dunshea, Department of Primary Industries, Werribee, Victoria, Australia. IP 30, July 2005, 12 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Presencia adventicia: mezcla inadvertida y coexistencia entre metodos de cultivo CAST Commentary
Adventitious presence refers to the unintended commingling of trace amounts of one type of seed, or product, with another. Although this process can occur with conventionally bred crops, adventitious presence is more commonly regarded as the presence of genetically engineered (GE) seed and product in non-GE material. This document will provide a framework to discuss development of a science-based policy for adventitious presence. Co-authors: Drew Kershen, University of Oklahoma College of Law, and Alan McHughen, University of California, Riverside. QTA2005-1, 4 pp., July 2005. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
Agricultural Ethics Issue Paper
This paper provides background on some ways in which ethics is applied productively to the food and agriculture system. Ethics may be a component in food safety and security, international trade, land-use policies, and animal welfare. Other topics considered include research ethics, public trust in science, and practical steps for institutionalizing ethics into agriculture. In addition to the scientific community, policymakers, agency leaders, and persons in the humanities and social sciences disciplines will find this study useful. Chair: Jeffrey Burkhardt, University of Florida, Gainesville. IP 29, February 2005, 12 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
El Riesgo Global de las Enfermedades Animales Infecciosas Issue Paper
Animal diseases impact food supplies, trade and commerce, and human health worldwide. Some outbreaks have had severe consequences on the economies and social well-being of the population in affected countries. This paper discusses patterns of livestock diseases, factors affecting the emergence of diseases, impacts on human health, and international monitoring and response efforts. Cochairs: James Pearson, International Consultant, Ames, Iowa, and M.D. Salman, Colorado State University, Fort Collins. IP 28, February 2005, 16 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Global Risks of Infectious Animal Diseases Issue Paper
Animal diseases impact food supplies, trade and commerce, and human health worldwide. Some outbreaks have had severe consequences on the economies and social well-being of the population in affected countries. This paper discusses patterns of livestock diseases, factors affecting the emergence of diseases, impacts on human health, and international monitoring and response efforts. Cochairs: James Pearson, International Consultant, Ames, Iowa, and M.D. Salman, Colorado State University, Fort Collins. IP 28, February 2005, 16 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Bioenergy: Pointing to the Future Issue Paper
Composed of five stand-alone pieces, this issue paper highlights the current science, processes, and potentials for energy production through agriculture, and outlines future research needs. Among the topics addressed in this introduction to the subject of bioenergy are the economics and rural development of bioenergy, environmental and natural resource effects, technology and research, and the need for a systems approach. Public policy considerations such as long-term societal issues and acceptable risk also are discussed. Cochairs: Roger K. Conway, USDA-OEPNU, Washington, D.C., and Don Erbach. USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland. IP 27, November 2004, FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Animal Organ Donors: Human Health Applications Issue Paper
PART 2, "ANIMAL AGRICULTURE'S FUTURE THROUGH BIOTECHNOLOGY." This issue paper examines current and future concerns and benefits for using animals as organ and tissue donors (xenotransplantation). The authors provide a careful review of the procedure's history and development, as well as an outline of possible applications for the future as xenotransplantation impacts human health. Cochairs: Jeffrey L. Platt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, and Randall S. Prather, University of Missouri, Columbia. IP 26, June 2004, 8 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Management of Pest Resistance: Strategies Using Crop Management, Biotechnology, and Pesticides Special Publication
The April 2003 CAST-convened symposium on pest resistance management (PRM) was the first such U.S.-based multidisciplinary stakeholder meeting in nearly a decade. Major objectives included identifying common issues related to PRM across disciplines, considering ways to remove barriers to effective preventive resistance management, describing research activities in PRM, and disseminating this information to a wide audience of stakeholders. Fifty-two presentations are collected in this proceedings. Barry J. Jacobsen, Montana State University, Symposium Chair, and Sharlene R. Matten, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Proceedings Chair. SP24, June 2004. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
Biotechnology-derived, Perennial Turf and Forage Grasses: Criteria for Evaluation Special Publication
Following a 2-day workshop sponsored jointly by CAST and the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, an 11-member task force undertook the writing of this publication to present in summarized form the contributions made by the diverse group of workshop participants, as well as those who submitted comments before and after the formal meetings. Major sections include: principles supporting ecological risk assessment and regulatory decision making; background information on perennial grasses; gene migration and weed management of biotechnology-derived (BD) perennial grasses; criteria for evaluating BD grasses; and a summary of workshop responses and public comments. Cochairs: Michael Kenna, U.S. Golf Association, and William K. Hallman, Rutgers University. SP25, May 2004. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation: Challenges and Opportunities for Agriculture Task Force Report
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are of increasing concern because of their potential role in promoting rapid and undesirable change in climate. Agriculture ironically serves as both a source and a sink for this increase in GHGs. This report analyzes agriculture's complex, pivotal role in this vitally important issue by considering policy options, implementation, and future monitoring and verification of GHG mitigation. The report outlines seven potential methods for agricultural mitigation of GHG concentrations. Cochairs: Keith Paustian, Colorado State University, and Bruce Babcock, Iowa State University. R141, May 2004, ISBN 1-887383-26-3, 120 pp., $50.00; Interpretive Summary, 2 pp., free.
Intervention Strategies for the Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin Issue Paper
Prepared by a task force of thirteen scientists, this issue paper provides a timely consideration of critical issues: microbiological safety of foods of animal origin during production; food processing strategies for manufactured foods of animal origin, both ready-to-cook and ready-to-eat; food safety initiatives in retailing; consumer interventions to enhance food safety; challenges to applying food safety controls uniformly across all sectors of the food service industry; and recommendations for development and application of new intervention strategies to decrease human illnesses attributed to foods derived from animals. Chair: Michael P. Doyle, University of Georgia. IP25, January 2004, 24 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Food Safety and Fresh Produce CAST Commentary
In response to heightened concern about the safety of fresh fruits and vegetables following recent outbreaks of food-related illness, the Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) is releasing a commentary on the subject. The article briefly describes steps the fresh-produce processing industry is taking to decrease microbial contamination on products, and lists actions consumers can take to enhance the safety of fresh produce they eat at home. QTA2003-1, 2 pp., December 2003. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
Nutraceuticals for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Issue Paper
Authored by a task force of six scientists, this issue paper identifies existing and emerging issues in the development and use of nutraceuticals' food compounds with health-promoting, disease-preventive, or medical properties. The paper sheds light on consumer questions, key regulations, and safety issues, and provides recommendations on research and policy needs. Chair: Mary Ellen Camire, University of Maine. IP24, October 2003, 16 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Integrated Pest Management: Current and Future Strategies Task Force Report
This comprehensive report offers an insightful, up-to-date analysis of the issues involved in pest control. The report is designed to offer policymakers, opinion makers, and educators an informed overview of the changing nature of these choices in the twenty-first century. The authors identify seven key issues that future IPM strategies must address: impact of biotechnology on agriculture; genetic diversity and pest adaptability; ecology-based management systems; increased understanding of microflora/fauna in the environment; training and technology transfer; government policies and regulations; and need for continuous assessment of strategy. Chair: Kenneth R. Barker, North Carolina State University. R140, June 2003, ISBN 1-887383-23-9, 246 pp., $50.00; Interpretive Summary, 2 pp., free.
Boundless Science for Bountiful Agriculture: Winning Student Essays, 2003 Special Publication
New Special Publication. This new publication compiles national, state, and territory winning entries from an essay contest for students in 6th, 7th, and 8th grades. The contest was conducted by CAST, with support from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's™ Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service and other sponsors. Students wrote essays on one of seven preselected topics dealing with agricultural science. More than 800 entries were received from 40 states, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Entries were judged on originality, creativity, organization, background research, and writing mechanics. Winners were selected at the School, Congressional District, and National levels. District and state winners were invited to attend special VIP Day celebrations, hosted by participating universities nationwide. Three national winners were chosen and awarded a trip to Washington, D.C. during National Agriculture Week (March 21, 2003). SP23, March 2003, 55 pp., $15.00.
Biotechnology in Animal Agriculture: An Overview Issue Paper
PART 1 OF A 9-PART SERIES, "ANIMAL AGRICULTURE'S FUTURE THROUGH BIOTECHNOLOGY." Written by a task force of nine scientists, this issue paper summarizes existing and emerging technologies and assesses their current and potential impacts. The authors suggest that research on biotechnology in animal production is leading to breakthroughs on many fronts. Among the issues this paper addresses are uses in human and veterinary medicine; uses in animal production; vaccine development; food safety; environmental impacts; and ethical considerations of animal biotechnology. Chair: Terry D. Etherton, Pennsylvania State University. IP23, February 2003, 12 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Mycotoxins: Risks in Plant, Animal, and Human Systems Task Force Report
This extensive report compiles the most current, complete information available on mycotoxins in order to provide an understanding of their associated risks and impacts on plant, animal, and human systems. The report seeks to educate those making decisions that affect regulation and control of foods and feeds as well as to illuminate the potential for mycotoxins to impact international trade of commodities and food products. Among the topics covered are fungal growth and mycotoxin development, occurrence of mycotoxins in food and feed, mycotoxins and human disease, and mycotoxicoses of animals. Cochairs: John L. Richard, Romer Labs, Inc., Union, Missouri, and Gary A. Payne, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. R139, January 2003, ISBN 1-887383-22-0, 199 pp., $50.00; Interpretive Summary, 2 pp., free.
Environmental Impacts of Livestock on U.S. Grazing Lands Issue Paper
This issue paper takes a critical look at the environmental impacts of grazing systems and provides guidance on land management tools. Key issues of concern include alteration of wildlife habitat and degradation of soil and water quality. The authors find that current problems may stem from land use practices of several decades ago and may require active management practices to restore the land's health. Cochairs: William C. Krueger, Department of Rangeland Resources, Oregon State University, Corvallis, and Matt A. Sanderson, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, University Park, Pennsylvania. IP22, November 2002, 16 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Animal Diet Modification to Decrease the Potential for Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollution Issue Paper
This issue paper outlines the technologies and approaches that poultry and livestock producers can use to decrease the amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus entering the environment. This study focuses on two nutrients and addresses two environmental concerns: volatilization and manure nutrient distribution. Decreasing the nitrogen and phosphorus excreted by poultry, swine, or cattle can minimize these concerns. Chair: Terry Klopfenstein, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln. IP21, July 2002, 16 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Urban and Agricultural Communities: Opportunities for Common Ground Task Force Report
The changing role of agriculture in urban settings is considered in this comprehensive report written by a twelve-member task force. The report frames "urban agriculture" in both historical and contemporary American society, providing a picture of geographic, demographic, and economic changes in rural and metropolitan life. Policy issues such as land preservation, alternative market opportunities, sprawl, taxation, and food security are considered. Research and educational challenges are presented for consideration by those at institutions of higher education, including land-grant universities. Cochairs: Lorna Michael Butler, College of Agriculture, Departments of Sociology and Anthropology, Iowa Sate University, Ames, and Dale M. Maronek, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater. R138, May 2002, ISBN 1-88783-20-4, 124 pp., $50.00; Interpretive Summary, 2 pp., free.
Invasive Pest Species: Impacts on Agricultural Production, Natural Resources, and the Environment Issue Paper
This CAST issue paper provides policymakers and others with a nine-step guide to curtail the impact of non-native pests, including diseases, insects, and animals. These pests are the source of an estimated $137 billion annual economic burden to the United States and are the second leading cause of species endangerment. In addition, bioterrorism introduces another unknown risk factor into the already unstable mix of detrimental exotic species. Cochairs: Don M. Huber, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, and Martin E. Hugh-Jones, Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. IP20, March 2002, 18 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Evaluation of the U.S. Regulatory Process for Crops Developed through Biotechnology Issue Paper
A group of nine science and policy experts prepared this evaluation of the process by which U.S. regulatory agencies determine the safety of biotechnology-derived crops. The authors found that the U.S. regulatory process is comprehensive and meets its charge of ensuring that biotechnology-derived foods are at least as safe as foods derived using traditional breeding techniques. The paper poses and then answers questions about how safety assessments and regulatory reviews are conducted, what strengths and weaknesses can be identified in those reviews, and whether there are improvements in the regulatory process that would enhance public confidence in the process. The authors offer ten recommendations for policy and research in agricultural biotechnology. Chair: Bruce M. Chassy, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois. IP19, October 2001, 14 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Johne's Disease in Cattle Issue Paper
Johne's disease is primarily an intestinal infection of ruminants. Largely ignored by the livestock industry in the past, Johne's disease has gained importance among producers because of the economic losses they incur from herd infections and the potential human health hazards associated with the causative agent Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. This study discusses the diagnosis, transmission, and control of Johne's disease; the impact of the disease on the food animal industry; and the possible impact on human health. Cochairs: Robert D. Linnabary, Department of Large Animal Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, and Gavin L. Meerdink, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana. IP17, May 2001, 10 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Professional Portfolio: Beyond the Curriculum Vitae Issue Paper
Individuals in the agricultural professions make valuable contributions to society, but the American public sometimes questions the relevance of those contributions and the impact of agriculture on the environment, human health, and the economy. This CAST issue paper was written to help agricultural professionals communicate clearly what they do and why it is important. The authors propose the development of a professional portfolio to be used instead of the traditional curriculum vitae. A portfolio would present career highlights and summarize accomplishments in terms that could be understood and appreciated by a broad spectrum of people--from the general public to funding agencies, colleagues, collaborators, and employers. Cochairs: James R. Fischer, Agriculture and Forestry Research System, Clemson University, and David A. Knauft, University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. IP18, May 2001, 8 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Vertical Coordination of Agriculture in Farming-Dependent Areas Task Force Report
This CAST report provides policymakers, community leaders, and farmers with a guide to help weigh the advantages and disadvantages of contract farming and other forms of verticial coordination in agriculture. The report analyzes how vertical coordination in the food chain can change rural communities that have farming-dependent economies. The report also addresses the role of electronic commerce in rural development. Authors: Cornelia Flora, North Central Regional Center for Rural Development, Iowa State University, Ames, and Luther G. Tweeten, Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Developmental Economics, The Ohio State University, Columbus. R137, March 2001, ISBN 887383-19-0, 40 pp., $25.00; Interpretive Summary, 2 pp., free.
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies in the United States Task Force Report
This report from CAST characterizes the overall U.S. risk for the occurrence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly called "mad cow" disease, as extremely low. The report summarizes the latest information and disease statistics on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), a unique group of fatal diseases that can affect the nervous systems of animals and humans worldwide. Cochairs: William D. Hueston, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, Maryland, and James L. Voss, Colorado State University, Fort Collins. R136, October 2000, ISBN 1-887383-18-2, 36 pp., $20.00; Interpretive Summary, 2 pp., free.
Estrogenicity and Endocrine Disruption Issue Paper
Exposure to synthetic and naturally occurring chemicals can affect important endocrine pathways and induce toxic responses. Authors from a variety of scientific disciplines contributed to the CAST paper, which provides an analysis of multiple, widely reported issues, such as altered reproductive development and increased incidences of cancer. Chair: Stephen H. Safe, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station. IP16, July 2000, 16 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Relevance of Soil Testing to Agriculture and the Environment Issue Paper
This issue paper helps pinpoint factors that need to be considered as farmers and others use soil tests as a guide to protecting the environment while producing economical food. The issue paper provides perspective on the increasingly important role of soil tests, which farmers have long used in making crop production decisions. Chair: Eugene J. Kamprath, Department of Soil Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. IP15, June 2000, 12 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Storing Carbon in Agricultural Soils to Help Mitigate Global Warming Issue Paper
The same farming practices that promote soil conservation can also decrease the amount of carbon dioxide accumulating in the atmosphere and threatening a global warming. Agricultural practices that conserve soil and increase productivity while improving soil quality also increase the amount of carbon-rich organic matter in soils, thereby providing a global depository for carbon dioxide drawn from the atmosphere by growing plants. Authors: Norman J. Rosenberg and Roberto C. Izaurralde, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Washington, D.C. IP14, April 2000, 8 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Invasive Plant Species Issue Paper
Findings are presented on the growing danger to national forests, recreational, and agricultural lands from noxious weed infestations. These infestations are causing costly and irreparable damage to wetlands, wildlife habitat, wildlands, rangelands, and aquatic and riparian areas on public and private lands all across the United States, especially in popular western recreation states. The release of the paper was scheduled to coincide with National Invasive Weed Awareness Week, February 28 through March 3, 2000. Chair: Barbra H. Mullin, Montana Department of Agriculture, Helena. IP13, February 2000, 18 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Applications of Biotechnology to Crops: Benefits and Risks Issue Paper
This issue paper is a summary of the recent scientific developments that underpin modern biotechnology and a discussion of the potential risks and benefits when these are applied to agricultural crops. This introductory paper is intended for a general audience. Released at the Third Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization in Seattle, December 2, 1999. Authors: Gabrielle J. Persley, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., and James N. Siedow, Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. IP12, December 1999, 8 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Animal Agriculture and Global Food Supply Task Force Report
A task force of 13 scientists discusses projected demand for human food and the importance of animal agriculture in meeting these needs. Chair: Eric Bradford, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis. R135, ISBN 1-887383-17-4, July 1999, 92 pp., $30.00; Interpretive Summary, 2 pp., free.
Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia: Land and Sea Interactions Task Force Report
A CAST task force of 6 scientists provides recommendations to help better understand all aspects of hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico and other areas of the world, and to decrease the Gulf hypoxic zone. Chair: John A. Downing, Department of Animal Ecology, Iowa State University, Ames. R134, ISBN 1-887383-16-6, June 1999, 44 pp., $20.00; Interpretive Summary, 2 pp., free.
Agricultural Impact of the Sudden Elimination of Key Pesticides under the Food Quality Protection Act Issue Paper
Scientists discuss the risks associated with sudden loss of pesticides due to the implementation of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA) and suggest possible solutions. Chair: Mark E. Whalon, Center for Integrated Plant Systems, Michigan State University, East Lansing. IP11, March 1999, 14 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Benefits of Biodiversity Task Force Report
Scientists offer 27 recommendations for preserving the full range of biological diversity and state that stewardship of biodiversity is an unavoidable permanent obligation of modern society. Cochairs: G. David Tilman, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, and Donald N. Duvick, Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames. R133, ISBN 1-887383-15-8, February 1999, 33 pp., $15.00; Interpretive Summary, 2 pp., free.
Foodborne Pathogens: Review of Recommendations Special Publication
Scientists offer 18 recommendations as a platform to focus and stimulate efforts toward food safety improvements. Cochairs: Peggy Foegeding, Department of Food Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, and Tanya Roberts, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Food and Rural Economics Division, Washington, D.C. SP22, ISBN 1-887383-14-X, October 1998, 45 pp., $15.00; Interpretive Summary, 2 pp., free.
The Proposed EPA Plant Pesticide Rule Issue Paper
A panel of five members of the National Academy of Sciences formed by CAST examine the scientific merits of the Biotechnology Industry Organization response to the major conclusions reached by eleven professional scientific societies on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency proposal to regulate genes which make plants resistant to pests by means of genetic engineering under the same regulations developed for use of chemical pesticides applied to plants. Chair: Eugene Nester, Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle. IP10, October 1998, 8 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Feasibility of Prescription Pesticide Use in the United States Issue Paper
Discussion of the feasibility of applying the medical model of prescriptions to high-risk pesticides that are being reassessed following passage by Congress of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) in 1996. Chair: Harold D. Coble, Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. IP9, August 1998, 10 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Food Safety, Sufficiency, and Security Special Publication
New and changing circumstances require examination of policy options by governments, agribusinesses, food producers and processors, and consumers. In response to this need, CAST sponsored a November 1997 conference to explore the complex relationships among food safety, sufficiency, and security on a global and U.S. basis. This Special Publication contains the proceedings of the conference as well as a general summary of challenges and solutions for the future. Conference Chair: Lester M. Crawford, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., SP21, ISBN 1-887383-13-1, June 1998, 78 pp., $26.00. Interpretive Summary, 2 pp., free.
Naturally Occurring Antimicrobials in Food Task Force Report
Many biologically derived substances exhibit antimicrobial properties in the foods in which they normally are found or may be developed for commercial use as additives to other foods requiring preservation. Chair: John N. Sofos, Colorado State University, Fort Collins. R132, ISBN 1-887383-12-3, April 1998, 103 pp., $28.00; Interpretive Summary, 1 p., free.
Examination of Dietary Recommendations for Salt-Cured, Smoked, and Nitrite-Preserved Foods Issue Paper
The scientific evidence does not support restrictions in the consumption of salted, smoked, or nitrite-preserved foods by the U.S. population. Chair: Michael W. Pariza, Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison. IP8, November 1997, 8 pp., FREE . Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Contribution of Animal Products to Healthful Diets Task Force Report
Foods derived from animals contribute significantly to total nutrients in the U.S. food supply. Moreover, the availability to humans of the nutrients in animal products is high. Chair: Donald C. Beitz, Iowa State University, Ames. R131, ISBN 1-887383-11-5, October 1997, 56 pp., $24.00; Interpretive Summary, 1 p., free.
Well-Being of Agricultural Animals Task Force Report
Concern for the welfare of farm animals is mounting in the United States. Although many of the issues of agricultural animal welfare probably will be resolved politically, the CAST task force recommends that scientists become involved in clarifying the issue. Chair: Stanley E. Curtis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park. R130, ISBN 1-887383-10-7, September 1997, 34 pp., $16.00; Interpretive Summary, 1 p., free.
Grazing on Public Lands Task Force Report
Approximately 262 million acres of public land in the western United States are grazed by domestic livestock. This report discusses and provides scientific information concerning livestock grazing on public lands in the West. Chair: William A. Laycock, University of Wyoming, Laramie. R129, ISBN 1-887383-09-3, December 1996, 70 pp., $20.00; Interpretive Summary, 1 p., free.
Integrated Animal Waste Management Task Force Report
A broad spectrum of integrated manure management systems are available to collect, transfer, store, treat, and efficiently utilize a great variety of sources and nutrient qualities of animal manures. Cochairs: Alan L. Sutton, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, and James F. Power, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska. R128, ISBN 1-887383-08-5, November 1996, 87 pp., $20.00; Interpretive Summary, 1 p., free.
Future of Irrigated Agriculture Task Force Report
Farmers irrigating in the western United States face a host of changing circumstances that will require innovations and new adaptations to ensure continued prosperity. Chair: Henry J. Vaux, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California. R127, ISBN 1-887383-07-7, August 1996, 76 pp., $20.00; Interpretive Summary, 1 p., free.
Radiation Pasteurization of Food Issue Paper
Foodborne bacteria cause as many as 9,000 deaths in the United States annually; yet scientifically proven safe, low doses of pasteurizing radiation can kill over 99% of most foodborne bacteria. Radiation pasteurization safely controls foodborne pathogens on beef, pork, lamb, and seafood. Long-term animal feeding studies have demonstrated that radiation pasteurized or sterilized foods are safe and nutritious for humans. The process has been endorsed by the U.S. FDA, the USDA, the World Health Organization, the health authorities of 40 countries, and many other associations. Cochairs: Donald W. Thayer, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, and Edward S. Josephson, University of Rhode Island, West Kingston. IP7, April 1996, 10 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Diversifying U.S. Crop Production Issue Paper
For more than a century, crop price instability has dogged U.S. farmers. And in the past 60 years--despite federal subsidy and acreage reduction programs meant to stabilize farm income--farm numbers, farm populations, and rural prosperity have declined ominously. Public concerns over food safety, commodity program costs, and agricultural sustainability have become important policy issues. Restriction of research funding and crop support payments to major commodity crops has undermined the potential of new crops to alleviate related concerns and pressures. The search for and development of new crops is critical to U.S. agriculture and would improve its sustainability through diversification. Chair: Jules Janick, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. IP6, February 1996, 12 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Quality of U.S. Agricultural Products Task Force Report
Accurate assessment of the quality of agricultural products is essential in today's rapidly globalizing economy. A few changes in policies and regulations related to the quality of agricultural products could increase access to U.S. export and domestic markets. Chair: Lowell D. Hill, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. R126, ISBN 1-887383-04-2, January 1996, 288 pp., $40.00; Summary and Conclusions, ISBN 1-887383-05-0, 25 pp., $10.00; Interpretive Summary, 16 pp., free.
Scientific Societies: Conversations on Change Special Publication
Summary of a workshop designed to create awareness of critical changes in the workplace. Members of nearly 50 professional societies participated. SP20, ISBN 1-887383-06-9, January 1996, 23 pp., $10.00; Interpretive Summary, 2 pp., free.
Competitiveness of U.S. Agriculture and the Balance of Payments Task Force Report
U.S. agricultural producers and food processors will need to focus on adding value to agricultural products in a way that meets the needs and desires of an increasingly diverse group of consumers around the world. If they do not focus on consumer need, the United States will be relegated to supplying homogeneous commodities that are transformed into value-added food products in foreign countries. Chair: Maury E. Bredahl, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Missouri-Columbia. R125, ISBN 1-887383-03-4, October 1995, 34 pp., $12.00; Interpretive Summary, 1 p., free.
Waste Management and Utilization in Food Production and Processing Task Force Report
Comprehensive report on wastes from crop production, poultry farms, swine production, cattle feedlots, dairy farms, food processing, and seafood production and processing. Chairs: Larry L. Boersma, Department of Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, and Ishwar P. Murarka, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California. R124, ISBN 1-887383-02-6, October 1995, 125 pp., $22.00; Interpretive Summary, 1 p., free.
Conservation Reserve: A Survey of Research and Interest Groups Special Publication
This CAST Report summarizes Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) policy literature and a survey of key special interest groups regarding their preferences for a future CRP. By gathering key literature and preference information into a single document, the Task Force authors are able to present and evaluate options for the future. Authors: Jennie S. Hughes, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Colorado State University, and Terry E. Nipp, AESOP Enterprises, Ltd., Washington, D.C. SP19, ISBN 1-887383-01-8, July 1995, 44 pp., $12.00; Interpretive Summary, 1 p., free.
Sustainable Agriculture and the 1995 Farm Bill Special Publication
Summary of a January 1995 conference sponsored by CAST. Topics include legislative, environmental, conservation, rural development, research, and education issues. SP18, ISBN 1-887383-00-X, April 1995, 32 pp., $50.00; Interpretive Summary, 1 p., free.
Public Perceptions of Agrichemicals Task Force Report
Understanding public perceptions, risk perception and the public, risk acceptability and pesticides, and consumer perceptions of animal drugs. Author: Eileen O. van Ravenswaay, Michigan State University, East Lansing. R123, January 1995, 35 pp., $10.00; Interpretive Summary, 1 p., free.
Challenges Confronting Agricultural Research at Land Grant Universities Issue Paper
Agricultural, corporate, scientific, political, environmental, and social communities are asking the agricultural research sytem to identify and pursue a broadened range of research priorities. Chair: James R. Fischer, South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina. IP5, November 1994, 12 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Foodborne Pathogens: Risks and Consequences Task Force Report
Better data on microbial risks are needed to make the U.S. food supply safer. Cochairs: Peggy M. Foegeding, Department of Food Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, and Tanya Roberts, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. R122, September 1994, 87 pp., CALL CAST OFFICE FOR ORDERING
Labeling of Food-Plant Biotechnology Products Issue Paper
Review of scientific evidence in response to proposed U.S. Food and Drug Administration policy for labeling of foods from new plant varieties. Chair: Susan F. Barefoot, Department of Food Science, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina. IP4, July 1994, 8 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Risks and Benefits of Selenium in Agriculture Issue Paper
Scientists found no evidence that supplemental selenium use for farm animals and poultry, including feedlot concentrations, was involved in any environmental problems. Chair: James E. Oldfield, Department of Animal Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis. IP3, June 1994, 6 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Pesticides in Surface and Ground Water Issue Paper
Introduction; the issue; pesticide varieties, uses, and resulting pollution potential; relating concentrations in water resources to human and ecosystem risk; and risk mitigation. Chair: R. Don Wauchope, USDA, ARS, University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton. IP2, April 1994, 8 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
How Much Land Can Ten Billion People Spare for Nature? Task Force Report
Advances in farming technology combined with changing values and diets could ensure that the world's population will use existing cropland more economically and thus save more land for natural or wilderness use in the next 50 years. Author: Paul E. Waggoner, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven. R121, February 1994, 64 pp., $15.00; Interpretive Summary, 1 p., free.
Wetland Policy Issues Comments from CAST
Definition of wetlands, functions and values, agricultural conflicts, socioeconomic issues, conservation concepts, conclusions. Chair: Jay A. Leitch, North Dakota State University, Fargo. CC1994-1, February 1994, 47 pp., $12.00; Interpretive Summary, 1 p., free.
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Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children: Scientists' Review Special Publication
The five members of a CAST task force who reviewed the National Research Council (NRC) report agree that the report is a thorough, balanced, and objective summary of available information on the subject. The NRC report has called for improvements in the evaluation and regulation of pesticide risks in infants' and children's foods. SP17, August 1993, 20 pp., $5.00.
Admissible Scientific Evidence in Court Issue Paper
Concurs with the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and National Academy of Sciences (NAS) amicus curiae brief to the Supreme Court related to guidelines for determining what scientific evidence is admissible in a court of law. Author: F. J. Francis, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. IP1, July 1993, 4 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
U.S. Agriculture and the North American Free Trade Agreement Comments from CAST
The members of a Council for Agricultural Science and Technology task force believe many of the fears of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) are not well founded. There generally would be a gain to U.S. producers of grain, oilseeds, livestock, and possibly dairy, and losses for producers who compete with Mexican fruits and vegetables. Chair: G. Edward Schuh, Dean, Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. CC1993-1, July 1993, 41 pp., $10.00.
Water Quality: Agriculture's Role Task Force Report
This report discusses modern agriculture's impacts on the environment, especially surface and ground water. This report increases the understanding of the science, risks, benefits, and realities of agricultural production and water quality protection. Chair: Frank J. Humenik, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. R120, December 1992, 103 pp., $15.00; Interpretive Summary, 12 pp., free.
Pesticides: Minor Uses/Major Issues Comments from CAST
This report recommends implementation of an innovative minor use pesticides strategy before 1997, so as to assure the continued availability to U.S. consumers of high quality, reasonably priced minor crops. Chair: Kenneth P. Dorschner, retired, USDA, CSRS, Vienna, Virginia. CC1992-2, June 1992, 19 pp., $8.00.
Preparing U.S. Agriculture for Global Climate Change Task Force Report
Covers all aspects of the subject, emphasizing adaptation to changes, emission of greenhouse gases, the impact of climate change. Chair: Paul Waggoner, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven. R119, June 1992, 96 pp., $15.00; Interpretive Summary, 6 pp., free.
Food Safety: The Interpretation of Risk Comments from CAST
This report states that the amazing advances in analytical methods have made the Delaney Clause hopelessly obsolete and it should be repealed. The Delaney Clause, which states that no amount of cancer-causing substances can be added to our food, should be replaced with a "de minimis" concept. Author: F. J. Francis, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. CC1992-1, April 1992, 23 pp., $8.00.
Food Fats and Health Task Force Report
This CAST report supports dietary recommendations to decrease food fat consumption from the present national average of 37% to less than 30% of the total caloric intake. The agricultural and food industries are responding by redesigning fresh and processed foods so that consumers can more readily meet these recommendations. Chair: Donald C. Beitz, Iowa State University, Ames. R118, December 1991, 96 pp., $12.00; Interpretive Summary, 4 pp., free.
Herbicide-Resistant Crops Comments from CAST
This report indicates that biotechnology-induced herbicide resistance in crops will allow use of herbicides that are toxicologically and environmentally less suspect that those herbicides now used in some crops. Authors: Stephen O. Duke, A. Lawrence Christy, F. Dana Hess, and Jodie S. Holt. CC1991-1, May 1991, 24 pp., $8.00.
Ecological Impacts of Federal Conservation and Cropland Reduction Programs Task Force Report
Addresses the ecological implications of several programs established in the 1985 Food Security Act, including the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), Sodbuster, Swampbuster, Conservation Compliance, and Acreage Reduction Program (ARP). The authors include persons with expertise in many disciplines. Chair: John R. Abernathy, Texas A&M Research and Extension Center, Lubbock. R117, September 1990, 28 pp., $6.00.
Alternative Agriculture: Scientists' Review Special Publication
Reviews by 44 leading scientists support and criticize the 1989 National Research Council report, Alternative Agriculture. The authors represent the disciplines of agricultural engineering, food science, toxicology, animal sciences, crop and soil sciences, economics sociology, weed science, entomology, and plant pathology. Chair: Lowell S. Jordan, University of California, Riverside. SP16, July 1990, 182 pp., $15.00; Interpretive Summary, 6 pp., free.
Mycotoxins: Economic and Health Risks Task Force Report
This report stresses the importance of the economic and health risks of naturally occurring fungal toxins known as mycotoxins. These diverse toxins potentially occur in foods and feeds and can cause a wide range of injury when consumed by humans and animals. Contents: Animal health, human health, occurrence, economic impacts, control and management, and research needs. Chairs: John L. Richard, USDA, ARS, and Richard J. Cole, USDA ARS. R116, December 1989, 99 pp., $15.00; Interpretive Summary, 10 pp., free.
Antibiotics for Animals: The Antibiotic Resistance Issue Comments from CAST
Suspending subtherapeutic use of antibiotics would not eliminate the transfer of antibiotic-resistant intestinal bacteria from animals to humans. The main problem appears to be the disease-causing bacteria, not their resistance or nonresistance to one or more antibiotics. Authors: Virgil W. Hays, University of Kentucky, Lexington, and Charles A. Black, Iowa State University, Ames. CC1989-2, June 1989, 12 pp., $3.00.
Ionizing Energy in Food Processing and Pest Control: II. Applications Task Force Report
NOTE: A number of years ago, CAST published two reports dealing with the irradiation of foods: Report 109, July 1986 and Report 115, June 1989. The Food Science and Agricultural Technology Work Group of the CAST Board of Directors believes that these documents contain a great deal of useful information that is not found easily elsewhere. Therefore, they have recommended that these reports be made available through the CAST website. Readers should be cautious, however, in using information that is obviously dated.
Food irradiation can eliminate disease-causing bacterias. High doses produce sterile meat products that can be stored at room temperature in sealed containers without spoilage. Cochairs: Edward S. Josephson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, and Eugen Wierbicki (deceased), USDA, ARS. R115, June 1989, 98 pp., $10.00; Interpretive Summary, 8 pp., free.
Reducing American Exposure to Nitrate, Nitrite, and Nitroso Compounds: The National Network to Prevent Birth Defects Proposals Comments from CAST
This paper reviews the scientific literature on nitrates, concluding that there is inadequate evidence linking nitrate or nitrite ingestion to birth defects or to stomach cancer. Author: Charles A. Black, Iowa State University, Ames. CC1989-1, June 1989, 16 pp., $3.00.
Effective Use of Water in Irrigated Agriculture Task Force Report
This report provides a comprehensive description of irrigation in the U.S. and basic principles of irrigation management, addressing many significant problems with the use of water in irrigated agriculture. Chair: Marvin E. Jensen, Colorado Institute for Irrigation Management, Fort Collins. R113, June 1988, 64 pp., $5.00.
Long-Term Viability of U.S. Agriculture Task Force Report
What is the future of American agriculture? This report examines the economic, environmental, and social dimensions of the agricultural sector. Chair: Luther G. Tweeten, The Ohio State University, Columbus. R114, June 1988, 48 pp., $4.00.
Comparative Environmental Impacts of Biotechnology-derived and Traditional Soybean, Corn, and Cotton Crops NON_CAST
To obtain a printed copy, please e-mail your name and address to the Soy Information Clearinghouse at info@soybean.org, or call 317-926-6272.
