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Vaccine Development Using Recombinant DNA Technology
Issue Paper
Infectious animal diseases continue to rank foremost among the significant factors limiting efficient production in animal agriculture. In addition, infectious agents that are transmitted from animals to humans by way of food and water present an increasing threat to the safety and security of the world food supply and continue to affect human health significantly. Animal vaccines are among the most effective, successful tools for preventing and controlling infectious diseases in animal agriculture. This Issue Paper addresses these concerns and provides details about specific diseases and vaccines. Chair: Mark W. Jackwood, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens. IP 38, May 2008, 12 pp. $5.00 (price includes shipping).
Task Force
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News Release
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Water Quality and Quantity Issues for Turfgrasses in Urban Landscapes
Special Publication
Scientists have documented an array of benefits to the environment and to humans resulting from turfgrasses. Water management is a key component of healthy turfgrasses, and it directly affects nutrient use efficiency and plant productivity. This Special Publication, which follows from a 2006 workshop, presents the best current science for the efficient use of water for turfgrasses in urban landscapes, including considerations for low-precipitation landscapes, water quality protection, water use policies, pesticide leaching, nutrient transport in surface runoff, water requirements, cultural practices, and irrigation systems. An evaluation of these issues is critical for determining future research needs and public policy decisions. Coeditors: Dr. James B. Beard, Professor Emeritus, Texas A & M University, College Station and Dr. Michael P. Kenna, U.S. Golf Association, Green Section Research, Stillwater, Oklahoma. SP27, March 2008, 298 pp., plus 16-pp. full-color insert. $75.00 (plus $3.00 shipping, $4.00 international, $10.00 airmail). SPECIAL CD VERSION AVAILABLE, $50.00 (includes shipping). Call or Fax to order. ***PLEASE NOTE that the large file size may require you to print the document in segments.
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Interpretive Summary
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News Release
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Implications of Gene Flow in the Scale-up and Commercial Use of Biotechnology-derived Crops: Economic and Policy Considerations
Issue Paper
This Issue Paper identifies the nature of gene flow and discusses the relatively limited situations in which it is likely to cause economic problems in the production of commercial biotech crops. The paper explains how gene flow relates to adventitious presence, describes the biological traits being imparted into biotech crops, summarizes present risk assessment and regulatory mechanisms, and discusses potential economic effects and policy and research ramifications of gene flow of commercial biotech crops. Chair: David Gealy, USDA--Agricultural Research Service, Stuttgart, Arkansas. IP 37, December 2007, 24 pp. $5.00 (price includes shipping).
Task Force
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Biofuel Feedstocks: The Risk of Future Invasions
CAST Commentary
In an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, expand domestic energy production, and maintain economic growth, public and private investments are being used to pursue dedicatd feedstock crops for biofuel production. This Commentary addresses the necessary balance between designing biofuel feedstock crops to require minimal inputs yet preventing them from surviving outside the cultivated environment. Chair: Dr. Joseph DiTomaso, University of California-Davis. QTA2007-1, 8 pp., November 2007. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
Task Force
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Avian Influenza Vaccination: A Commentary Focusing on H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza
CAST Commentary
The correct use of efficacious poultry vaccines is a critical component of overall control and eradication of avian influenza. Speculation about potential problems of vaccine use must be balanced with the real problem of outbreaks in susceptible poultry. Commentary text is excerpted from the larger Special Publication. Chair: Dr. Karen Burns Grogan, Chicken Scratch, LLC, Dacula, Georgia. QTA2007-3, 12 pp., October 2007. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
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Avian Influenza Vaccines: Focusing on H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (HPAI)
Special Publication
Avian influenza (AI) vaccine can be used in emergency, routine, and preventive programs, although vaccine alone will not completely eliminate AI. Written and reviewed by an international Task Force, this CAST Special Publication provides a summary and education on the crucial issues surrounding AI vaccination. Chair: Dr. Karen Burns Grogan, Chicken Scratch, LLC, Dacula, Georgia. SP 26, October 2007, 38 pp. $18.00 (plus shipping).
Task Force
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News Release
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Convergence of Agriculture and Energy: II. Producing Cellulosic Biomass for Biofuels
CAST Commentary
This new Commentary provides a scientific assessment of the production potential and regional impacts of large-scale cellulosic ethanol production. It discusses the need for national investments and policy changes to address challenges limiting the production and efficient use of cellulosic biomass as a fuel feedstock to meet U.S. needs. Chair: Dr. Steven L. Fales, Iowa State University, Ames. QTA2007-2, 8 pp., October 2007. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
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Probiotics: Their Potential to Impact Human Health
Issue Paper
Controlled human studies have revealed a diverse range of health benefits from consumption of probiotics, due largely to their impact on immune function or on microbes colonizing the body. This publication reviews the literature on probiotics, describes the characteristics of probiotics, discusses the microbes that colonize the human body, and explains how probiotics can treat and prevent disease. The paper also addresses safety issues of probiotic use, suggests future developments, and provides research and policy recommendations. Chair: Mary Ellen Sanders, Dairy and Food Culture Technologies, Centennial, Colorado. IP 36, October 2007, 20 pp. $5.00 (Price includes shipping.)
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The Role of Transgenic Livestock in the Treatment of Human Disease
Issue Paper
Number 6 in the nine-part series "Animal Agriculture's Future through Biotechnology." This paper describes the potential for transgenic livestock to advance the development of new medications for the treatment of human disease. Two techniques discussed in this paper are the predominant methods used to produce transgenic livestock, pronuclear microinjection and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The paper offers a brief overview of current production methods and challenges, and addresses economic, regulatory, and societal factors that impact the commercialization of products and treatments derived from transgenic animals. An appendix provides an in-depth description of the SCNT methodology. Chair: Carol L. Keefer, University of Maryland, College Park. IP 35, May 2007, 12 pp. $5.00. (Price includes shipping.)
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Convergence of Agriculture and Energy: I. Implications for Research and Policy
CAST Commentary
Recent dramatic increases in energy costs are having a direct bearing on all agricultural activities within the United States. This Commentary discusses the use of energy in agriculture and the food industry in light of current federal and state policies. Energy production from bio-sources also is addressed. Chair: Kenneth Cassman, University of Nebraska. QTA2006-3, 12 pp., November 2006. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
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Biotechnological Approaches to Manure Nutrient Management
Issue Paper
Number 4 in the nine-part series "Animal Agriculture's Future through Biotechnology." Manure from food animals is a valuable source of fertilizer, but concentrations of manure nutrients and metals may exceed needs for plant growth and cause environmental pollution. Biotechnology has emerged as one of the most effective tools for monitoring manure nutrient composition. This paper reviews the existing biotechnology (including novel technology) applied to manage animal manure nutrients and discusses potential biotechnology derived by genomics approaches. It also addresses specific areas of plant-, animal-, microorganism-, and diet-based approaches for management; models of potential benefits of biotechnology; and industrial, societal, and governmental issues. Chair: Xingen Lei, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. IP 33, July 2006, 20 pp., $5.00. (Price includes shipping.)
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Safety of Meat, Milk, and Eggs from Animals Fed Crops Derived from Modern Biotechnology
Issue Paper
Number 5 in the nine-part series "Animal Agriculture's Future through Biotechnology." As the global land area of biotechnology-derived crops continues to increase, these crops have become an increasingly important source of feedstuffs for farm animals, and it is important to review the safety of meat, milk, and eggs derived from animals fed these crops. This paper addresses topics including an overview of regulatory assessments for biotechnology-derived crops modified for agronomic input traits; comparative safety assessment process; results of feeding studies in farm animals; and the fate of consumed proteins and DNA in livestock. Chair: Richard Phipps, University of Reading, Reading, UK. IP 34, July 2006, 8 pp., $5.00. (Price includes shipping.)
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Acrylamide in Food
Issue Paper
As an industrial chemical, acrylamide has been studied extensively for more than 40 years, resulting in a broad base of scientific knowledge covering various toxicological endpoints, metabolism, kinetics, mode of action, and health effects in animals. Very little scientific evidence is available in humans, particularly with respect to food. This paper covers research concerning the occurrence of acrylamide in food, including formation and detection; methods of mitigation and reduction; dietary exposure; toxicology and epidemiology; and the elements of accurate, effective risk communications. Cochairs: David Lineback, University of Maryland, College Park, and Michael Pariza, University of Wisconsin, Madison. IP 32, June 2006, 16 pp., $5.00. (Price includes shipping.)
Task Force
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Using Risk Analysis to Inform Microbial Food Safety Decisions
Issue Paper
Protecting the public from food safety risks, while maintaining a viable agricultural and food industry in an open society, is a daunting task. Risk analysis provides a systematic and transparent process for gathering information, estimating risks, weighing options, drawing conclusions, and communicating information to arrive at decisions that meet broad societal needs. This paper identifies and defines the components of a valid microbial risk analysis and focuses attention on risk assessment strategies, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each. Cochairs: Lee-Ann Jaykus, North Carolina State University, and Sherri Dennis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland. IP 31, June 2006, 20 pp., $5.00. (Price includes shipping.)
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Avian Influenza: Trade Issues
CAST Commentary
Although much of the concern about a possible pandemic outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza revolves around human health outcomes, the potential repercussions on trade issues will also be significant. The United States is a major exporter of poultry products amounting to approximately $2 billion worth of broilers, turkeys, and eggs annually. International reporting of an avian influenza outbreak could have the effect of virtually stopping this trade--and that in other countries as well--overnight. Chair: Toby Moore, USA Poultry & Egg Export Council, Stone Mountain, Georgia. QTA2006-2, 8 pp., April 2006. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
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News Release
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Avian Influenza: Human Pandemic Concerns
CAST Commentary
The reported number of bird deaths and subsequent human deaths resulting from exposure to influenza A-infected birds has increased steadily, making front-page news worldwide. Although human viruses do not generally infect birds and bird viruses do not generally infect humans, certain influenza A viruses have historically exhibited an unusual ability to mutate and infect more than one host species. Drawing from sound past and current research, the authors provide an assessment of the real threat of an upcoming avian influenza outbreak and possible pandemic. Co-authors: Donna Carver, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, and Elizabeth Krushinskie, U.S. Poultry and Egg Association, Tucker, Georgia. QTA2006-1, 7 pp., January 2006. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
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Crop Biotechnology and the Future of Food: A Scientific Assessment
CAST Commentary
This CAST Commentary provides an up-to-date evaluation of the use of biotechnology in crop production. The concise, fact-based document addresses the science behind the issues. Chair: Bruce Chassy, University of Illinois, Urbana. QTA2005-2, 6 pp., October 2005. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
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La biotecnologia de los cultivos y el futuro de los alimentos: una contribucion cientifica
CAST Commentary
This CAST Commentary provides an up-to-date evaluation of the use of biotechnology in crop production. The concise, fact-based document addresses the science behind the issues. Chair: Bruce Chassy, University of Illinois, Urbana. QTA2005-2, 6 pp., October 2005. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
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Adventitious Presence: Inadvertent Commingling and Coexistence among Farming Methods
CAST Commentary
Adventitious presence refers to the unintended commingling of trace amounts of one type of seed, or product, with another. Although this process can occur with conventionally bred crops, adventitious presence is more commonly regarded as the presence of genetically engineered (GE) seed and product in non-GE material. This document will provide a framework to discuss development of a science-based policy for adventitious presence. Co-authors: Drew Kershen, University of Oklahoma College of Law, and Alan McHughen, University of California, Riverside. QTA2005-1, 4 pp., July 2005. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
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Metabolic Modifiers for Use in Animal Production
Issue Paper
Number 3 in the nine-part series "Animal Agriculture's Future through Biotechnology." This paper provides a discussion of metabolic modifiers--a group of compounds that alter the physiology and metabolism of animals in specific ways to improve efficiency of meat and milk production and, in certain instances, to improve yield and composition of animal-derived products. The paper describes the classification, characteristics, and effects of metabolic modifiers approved for use in animal production and presents the current status of metabolic modifier approval around the world. Topics include a brief history of this technology, applications, and contributions to animal agriculture. Co-authors: Donald Beermann, University of Nebraska, Lincoln and Frank Dunshea, Department of Primary Industries, Werribee, Victoria, Australia. IP 30, July 2005, 12 pp., $5.00. (Price includes shipping.)
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Presencia adventicia: mezcla inadvertida y coexistencia entre metodos de cultivo
CAST Commentary
Adventitious presence refers to the unintended commingling of trace amounts of one type of seed, or product, with another. Although this process can occur with conventionally bred crops, adventitious presence is more commonly regarded as the presence of genetically engineered (GE) seed and product in non-GE material. This document will provide a framework to discuss development of a science-based policy for adventitious presence. Co-authors: Drew Kershen, University of Oklahoma College of Law, and Alan McHughen, University of California, Riverside. QTA2005-1, 4 pp., July 2005. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
Task Force
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