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Scientific Assessment of the Welfare of Dry Sows Kept in Individual Accommodations
Issue Paper
The use of individual gestation accommodations (IGAs) for dry sows in commercial pork production is an issue that has raised much debate. Public perceptions and misconceptions of welfare issues have the potential to dramatically impact swine production. The nine-member international Task Force of this new Issue Paper critically evaluates the scientific evidence of IGAs for sows, including considerations for behavior, nutrition and feeding, reproduction, clinical examination and health, manure management, worker safety, and system design. The authors indicate that no compelling evidence exists from scientific evaluations and comparisons of dry-sow keeping systems that, overall, either individual or group accommodation is more appropriate than the other. Chair: Stanley Curtis, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign. IP 42, March 2009, 20 pp., FREE. Available online AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
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Ruminant Carcass Disposal Options for Routine and Catastrophic Mortality
Issue Paper
When producers decide which carcass disposal method to use, they must consider the number of mortalities, the cause of death and whether infectious agents are involved, environmental implications, regulatory requirements, operational costs, and efficiency. This Issue Paper provides a comprehensive summary of the scientific, technical, and social aspects of various ruminant carcass disposal technologies using information gleaned from a Kansas State University comprehensive report. The authors discuss the predominant methods of mortality disposal in commercial ruminant production, including burial and landfill, rendering, composting, incineration, and alkaline hydrolysis. The paper includes an Appendix that addresses special considerations for material potentially infected with diseases. Chair: Marty Vanier, National Agricultural Biosecurity Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan. IP41, January 2009, 20 pp., FREE. Available online AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
Task Force
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Fate and Transport of Zoonotic Bacterial, Viral, and Parasitic Pathogens during Swine Manure Treatment, Storage, and Land Application
Special Publication
The majority of microbes contained in swine manure are not pathogenic to humans. The effectiveness of swine manure management systems to prevent environmental contamination with human pathogens is a concern, however, because of potential environmental pathways by which these zoonotic pathogens may be transported to water resources. This publication is a collaborative effort of CAST and the National Pork Board to provide a literature review on topics directly related to swine manure management systems, bacterial hazards associated with swine manure, common swine viruses, and the fate and transport of zoonotic parasite pathogens. The publication includes an Appendix and Comprehensive Reference Section with more than 400 citations. Cochairs: Dana Cole, Georgia Division of Public Health, Atlanta, and Jan Vinjé, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. SP 29, December 2008, 66 pp. $18.00 (plus shipping).
Task Force
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News Release
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Convergence of Agriculture and Energy: III. Considerations in Biodiesel Production
CAST Commentary
Concern about rising prices and unstable sources of petroleum fuels is driving the search for U.S. domestically produced, renewable transportation fuels, such as biodiesel, which is developing into a widely accepted alternative fuel. The U.S. biodiesel industry is struggling because of high prices for its feedstocks, vegetable oils, and animal fats. High feedstock prices also are affecting international biodiesel production, but requirements to lower greenhouse gas emissions continue to stimulate interest in the fuel. The authors of this new CAST Commentary explain the biodiesel production process and discuss quality requirements, characteristics of biodiesel, biodiesel economics, and energy balance. Chair: Jon Van Gerpen, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow. QTA2008-2, 8 pp., October 2008. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
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Poultry Carcass Disposal Options for Routine and Catastrophic Mortality
Issue Paper
Methods for the disposal of poultry carcasses currently include burial, incineration, composting, and rendering. Although each method is preferable under specific circumstances, each also presents disadvantages, including potential effects on groundwater and increasing cost considerations. With those concerns in mind, there are other, emerging technologies for carcass disposal that may offer viable alternatives. Methods, strategies, and practical applications presented in this paper summarize acceptable means for disposal of poultry mortality. Chair: John P. Blake, Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama. IP 40, October 2008, 20 pp., FREE. Available online AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
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Gene Flow in Alfalfa: Biology, Mitigation, and Potential Impact on Production
Special Publication
This Special Publication describes the biology and agronomic practices in alfalfa that should be considered in developing coexistence strategies to allow growers to have choices, specifically between genetically engineered (GE), conventional, and GE-sensitive markets in the United States. These strategies are based on science and are a direct extension of well-established coexistence principles routinely used by seed growers. The management practices currently being used by growers of Roundup Ready alfalfa seed are presented as an example of strategies developed by the alfalfa seed industry that allow coexistence of different production systems. Chair: Allen E. Van Deynze, Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis. SP28, September 2008, 30 pp. $18.00 (plus shipping).
Task Force
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Pasteurellosis Transmission Risks between Domestic and Wild Sheep
CAST Commentary
Native North American wild sheep species are very susceptible to pneumonia and particularly to pasteurellosis. Although the current understanding about pasteurellosis in wild and domestic sheep is incomplete, respiratory disease clearly is a serious problem in both. This Commentary discusses pneumonic pasteurellosis in domestic sheep, pasteurellosis in wild sheep, and the risks to wild sheep associated with domestic sheep interactions. The authors also address research needs and strategies for minimizing the risk of interspecies disease transmission. Chair: Dr. Michael W. Miller, Colorado Division of Wildlife, Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins. QTA2008-1, 8 pp., August 2008. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
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Swine Carcass Disposal Options for Routine and Catastrophic Mortality
Issue Paper
This Issue Paper provides a critical assessment of information available on methods of swine carcass disposal under routine and catastrophic conditions. The authors have focused on efficiency and effectiveness of available methods as well as potential animal health and environmental protection considerations. The paper addresses the four predominant methods of mortality disposal in commercial swine production--burial, incineration, rendering, and composting--and various alternative and nontraditional methods and technologies. Chair: Allen Harper, Virginia Tech Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Suffolk. IP 39, July 2008, 16 pp., FREE. Available online AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
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Vaccine Development Using Recombinant DNA Technology
Issue Paper
Infectious animal diseases continue to rank foremost among the significant factors limiting efficient production in animal agriculture. In addition, infectious agents that are transmitted from animals to humans by way of food and water present an increasing threat to the safety and security of the world food supply and continue to affect human health significantly. Animal vaccines are among the most effective, successful tools for preventing and controlling infectious diseases in animal agriculture. This Issue Paper addresses these concerns and provides details about specific diseases and vaccines. Chair: Mark W. Jackwood, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens. IP 38, May 2008, 12 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
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Water Quality and Quantity Issues for Turfgrasses in Urban Landscapes
Special Publication
Scientists have documented an array of benefits to the environment and to humans resulting from turfgrasses. Water management is a key component of healthy turfgrasses, and it directly affects nutrient use efficiency and plant productivity. This Special Publication, which follows from a 2006 workshop, presents the best current science for the efficient use of water for turfgrasses in urban landscapes, including considerations for low-precipitation landscapes, water quality protection, water use policies, pesticide leaching, nutrient transport in surface runoff, water requirements, cultural practices, and irrigation systems. An evaluation of these issues is critical for determining future research needs and public policy decisions. Coeditors: Dr. James B. Beard, Professor Emeritus, Texas A & M University, College Station and Dr. Michael P. Kenna, U.S. Golf Association, Green Section Research, Stillwater, Oklahoma. SP27, March 2008, 298 pp., plus 16-pp. full-color insert. $75.00 (plus $4.00 shipping, $5.00 international, $10.00 airmail). SPECIAL CD VERSION AVAILABLE, $50.00 (includes shipping). Call or Fax to order. ***PLEASE NOTE that the large file size may require you to print the document in segments.
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Interpretive Summary
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Implications of Gene Flow in the Scale-up and Commercial Use of Biotechnology-derived Crops: Economic and Policy Considerations
Issue Paper
This Issue Paper identifies the nature of gene flow and discusses the relatively limited situations in which it is likely to cause economic problems in the production of commercial biotech crops. The paper explains how gene flow relates to adventitious presence, describes the biological traits being imparted into biotech crops, summarizes present risk assessment and regulatory mechanisms, and discusses potential economic effects and policy and research ramifications of gene flow of commercial biotech crops. Chair: David Gealy, USDA--Agricultural Research Service, Stuttgart, Arkansas. IP 37, December 2007, 24 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
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Biofuel Feedstocks: The Risk of Future Invasions
CAST Commentary
In an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, expand domestic energy production, and maintain economic growth, public and private investments are being used to pursue dedicatd feedstock crops for biofuel production. This Commentary addresses the necessary balance between designing biofuel feedstock crops to require minimal inputs yet preventing them from surviving outside the cultivated environment. Chair: Dr. Joseph DiTomaso, University of California-Davis. QTA2007-1, 8 pp., November 2007. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
Task Force
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Avian Influenza Vaccination: A Commentary Focusing on H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza
CAST Commentary
The correct use of efficacious poultry vaccines is a critical component of overall control and eradication of avian influenza. Speculation about potential problems of vaccine use must be balanced with the real problem of outbreaks in susceptible poultry. Commentary text is excerpted from the larger Special Publication. Chair: Dr. Karen Burns Grogan, Chicken Scratch, LLC, Dacula, Georgia. QTA2007-3, 12 pp., October 2007. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
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Avian Influenza Vaccines: Focusing on H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (HPAI)
Special Publication
Avian influenza (AI) vaccine can be used in emergency, routine, and preventive programs, although vaccine alone will not completely eliminate AI. Written and reviewed by an international Task Force, this CAST Special Publication provides a summary and education on the crucial issues surrounding AI vaccination. Chair: Dr. Karen Burns Grogan, Chicken Scratch, LLC, Dacula, Georgia. SP26, October 2007, 38 pp. $18.00 (plus shipping).
Task Force
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News Release
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Convergence of Agriculture and Energy: II. Producing Cellulosic Biomass for Biofuels
CAST Commentary
This new Commentary provides a scientific assessment of the production potential and regional impacts of large-scale cellulosic ethanol production. It discusses the need for national investments and policy changes to address challenges limiting the production and efficient use of cellulosic biomass as a fuel feedstock to meet U.S. needs. Chair: Dr. Steven L. Fales, Iowa State University, Ames. QTA2007-2, 8 pp., October 2007. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
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Probiotics: Their Potential to Impact Human Health
Issue Paper
Controlled human studies have revealed a diverse range of health benefits from consumption of probiotics, due largely to their impact on immune function or on microbes colonizing the body. This publication reviews the literature on probiotics, describes the characteristics of probiotics, discusses the microbes that colonize the human body, and explains how probiotics can treat and prevent disease. The paper also addresses safety issues of probiotic use, suggests future developments, and provides research and policy recommendations. Chair: Mary Ellen Sanders, Dairy and Food Culture Technologies, Centennial, Colorado. IP 36, October 2007, 20 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
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The Role of Transgenic Livestock in the Treatment of Human Disease
Issue Paper
Number 6 in the nine-part series "Animal Agriculture's Future through Biotechnology." This paper describes the potential for transgenic livestock to advance the development of new medications for the treatment of human disease. Two techniques discussed in this paper are the predominant methods used to produce transgenic livestock, pronuclear microinjection and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The paper offers a brief overview of current production methods and challenges, and addresses economic, regulatory, and societal factors that impact the commercialization of products and treatments derived from transgenic animals. An appendix provides an in-depth description of the SCNT methodology. Chair: Carol L. Keefer, University of Maryland, College Park. IP 35, May 2007, 12 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
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Convergence of Agriculture and Energy: I. Implications for Research and Policy
CAST Commentary
Recent dramatic increases in energy costs are having a direct bearing on all agricultural activities within the United States. This Commentary discusses the use of energy in agriculture and the food industry in light of current federal and state policies. Energy production from bio-sources also is addressed. Chair: Kenneth Cassman, University of Nebraska. QTA2006-3, 12 pp., November 2006. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY.
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Biotechnological Approaches to Manure Nutrient Management
Issue Paper
Number 4 in the nine-part series "Animal Agriculture's Future through Biotechnology." Manure from food animals is a valuable source of fertilizer, but concentrations of manure nutrients and metals may exceed needs for plant growth and cause environmental pollution. Biotechnology has emerged as one of the most effective tools for monitoring manure nutrient composition. This paper reviews the existing biotechnology (including novel technology) applied to manage animal manure nutrients and discusses potential biotechnology derived by genomics approaches. It also addresses specific areas of plant-, animal-, microorganism-, and diet-based approaches for management; models of potential benefits of biotechnology; and industrial, societal, and governmental issues. Chair: Xingen Lei, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. IP 33, July 2006, 20 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
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Safety of Meat, Milk, and Eggs from Animals Fed Crops Derived from Modern Biotechnology
Issue Paper
Number 5 in the nine-part series "Animal Agriculture's Future through Biotechnology." As the global land area of biotechnology-derived crops continues to increase, these crops have become an increasingly important source of feedstuffs for farm animals, and it is important to review the safety of meat, milk, and eggs derived from animals fed these crops. This paper addresses topics including an overview of regulatory assessments for biotechnology-derived crops modified for agronomic input traits; comparative safety assessment process; results of feeding studies in farm animals; and the fate of consumed proteins and DNA in livestock. Chair: Richard Phipps, University of Reading, Reading, UK. IP 34, July 2006, 8 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
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Acrylamide in Food
Issue Paper
As an industrial chemical, acrylamide has been studied extensively for more than 40 years, resulting in a broad base of scientific knowledge covering various toxicological endpoints, metabolism, kinetics, mode of action, and health effects in animals. Very little scientific evidence is available in humans, particularly with respect to food. This paper covers research concerning the occurrence of acrylamide in food, including formation and detection; methods of mitigation and reduction; dietary exposure; toxicology and epidemiology; and the elements of accurate, effective risk communications. Cochairs: David Lineback, University of Maryland, College Park, and Michael Pariza, University of Wisconsin, Madison. IP 32, June 2006, 16 pp., FREE. Available online (www.cast-science.org) AND in print (515-292-2125; fee for shipping/handling).
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